CBSE Class 7 Exploring Society: India and Beyond – Takshila-DPS Pune- Patna-Coimbatore

AUTHOR

Dr. Gauri Kshirsagar

MBBS, DNB (DVL)

Dermatologist, Cosmetologist and Laser Surgeon

Nuleaf Skin Clinic and Hair Transplant Center, Undri, Pune

www.nuleafhair.com

As a mother of twin daughters and a Consultant Dermatologist based in Undri, Pune, life is always a balancing act. Between busy clinic hours, parenting duties, and everyday chaos, I’ve been creating study notes since Class 4 to help my girls understand and revise their lessons better. Over the years, these weekend study sessions turned into a special tradition—discussing topics taught in school and turning them into organized, easy-to-revise notes.

The notes I’m sharing here are from the 2025–26 academic year of DPS Pune – Patna – Coimbatore, and cover Class 7 chapters. They include all the key points that are likely to be asked in exams, compiled from the Class 7 Exploring Society:India and Beyond , school study materials, class notes and school revision sheets.

Each page was made with care, love, and a hope to make learning feel a little easier—especially during exam time. If they help your child too, then this effort finds even more meaning.

If you find these notes useful, I’d love to hear from you in the comments section. And if you’d like me to upload notes on any particular topic from Class 6, feel free to send in your suggestions.
Don’t forget to subscribe to my blog for new updates, notes, and posts.

Wishing you and your child a wonderful academic year ahead!Warmly,
Gauri
Mom to twins

From the Rulers to the Ruled: Types of Governments

A ruler’s duties in the internal administration of the country are three-fold: rakṣha (protection of the state from external aggression), pālana (maintenance of law and order within the state), and yogakṣhema (safeguarding the welfare of the people).

Kauṭilya in Arthaśhāstra

(translation by L.N. Rangarajan)

What is Government?

Definition: Government is a body or institution or a group of people who make and enforce laws within an area of fixed territory. They are responsible for managing the affairs of that area and ensuring the well-being of its citizens.

For this the government maintain law and order in society, ensuring peace, stability, and security for the people, managing relationships with other countries, taking care of national defense, delivering essential goods and services.

Q) What is Government?

What are its Functions?

The government plays an important role in our lives. This role includes:

1. Maintaining law and order in society;
2. Ensuring peace, stability, and security for the people;
3. Managing relationships with other countries;
4. Taking care of national defense;
5. Delivering essential goods and services (education, healthcare, infrastructure);
6. Managing the economy and economic activities;
7. Working for the welfare and improving people’s lives.

Functions of Government

All the above-mentioned works fall in three categories of work the government does.

There are three types of Functions performed by the Government: –

1. Legislative: The creation of rules which help in running the country is called the legislative function.
2. Executive: The implementation of these rules and the administration of the country according to them is known as the executive function.
3. Judiciary: Ensuring that the rules are enforced and followed by people is the judicial function of the government.

Q.) What does Legislature/Executive/Judiciary do?

What is Democracy?

Abraham Lincoln, a U.S. president in the late 19th century, described democracy as a ‘government of the people, by the people, for the people’, a phrase still widely used today.

Definition: Democracy means ‘rule of the people’. In a democracy, the source of power and authority lies with the people of the country. It is the most popular form of government in the modern world because it follows certain fundamental principles, which are followed by most democratic governments.

Democratic Governments around the World

Fundamental principles of democracy

Q.) Mention the fundamental principles followed by democratic governments around the world. Explain any one

It is useful to remember that even these fundamental principles have evolved over time. For example, India provided universal adult franchise (meaning the right to vote in elections to all adults) from the very beginning of the Indian republic in 1950; on the other hand, in Switzerland, women got the right to vote only in 1971.

Clearly, the above principles are ideals; not all democracies are able to put them in practice. But equally clearly, it is important for the citizens to keep these ideals in front of them.

Key differences between Government:

Factors which help determine which government belongs to what specific category are mentioned below

1. Source of Authority:
   1. The most basic difference is who or what gives the government its authority and power.
   1. In a democracy like India, the people are the source of authority, while in a theocracy, authority comes from religious beliefs or religious leaders.
2. Formation of Government:
   1. In a democracy, governments are usually formed through elections.
   1. In kingdoms or monarchies, the ruler is generally a king or queen and power is passed on within the family.
3. Structure of a Government:
   1. Every government has different parts and systems.
   1. The main functions of government—legislative, executive, and judiciary—may be performed by separate bodies or by the same body.
4. Function of a Government: The way a government works may be written in a book of fundamental rules called the Constitution, as in most democracies, or it may be decided by the king or queen in monarchies.
5. Goals and Ideals:
   1. Governments work towards certain values and ideals.
   1. Some governments, like the government of India, work towards equality and prosperity for all, while others work for the prosperity of only certain families or groups.

Q.) What are the factors that differentiate one government from another?

Different forms of Democratic Governments:

Direct Democracy

Definition:

1. Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which all citizens directly participate in decision-making and governance.
2. In this system, citizens are directly responsible for rules, regulations, and functions of the government.
3. People participate directly in all important decisions, instead of electing representatives.

Example: Switzerland

1. Switzerland follows some forms of direct democracy.
2. All Swiss citizens aged 18 years and above have the right to vote:
   1. in elections
   1. on specific issues
3. Citizens are called upon around four times a year to vote on an average of fifteen issues. (Voter’s turn over has been little. Over 40%)
4. Citizens can also propose votes on specific issues themselves.
5. This is done through:
   1. an initiative
   1. an optional referendum
   1. a mandatory referendum
6. These instruments form the core of direct democracy.

Limitation of Direct Democracy:

1. Direct democracy is difficult to carry out in practice, especially in large countries.
2. If everyone becomes part of the decision-making process, smooth functioning becomes difficult.
3. It is impractical in countries with large populations, as decision-making and smooth functioning of all tasks become difficult.

Representative Democracy

1. Representative democracy is a form of democratic government in which people elect their representatives through universal adult franchise, as in India.
2. In this system, people do not directly govern.
3. The government is accountable to the people.
4. Elections are an integral part of representative democracy.
5. Elections are held at regular and fixed intervals so people can express changes in their choices.
   1. In India, general elections are held every five years.
   1. In the USA, elections are held every four years.
6. Most modern democracies in the world are representative democracies, though they may function differently.

Forms of Representative Democracy

1. Parliamentary Democracy

1. In this system, members of the executive are also part of the legislature. Example: India
2. The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers are members of Parliament.
3. The Council of Ministers is accountable to the legislature.
4. The government continues to function as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature.
5. In India, the Council of Ministers must have the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
6. People elect the legislature, and the executive is selected from the legislature.

• Presidential Democracy
  • In this form of government, the executive works independently of the legislature. Example: United States of America (USA)
  • The President is directly elected by the people.
  • The President does not need the confidence of the legislature to remain in office.

	Parliamentary Democracy	Presidential Democracy
1	People elect the legislature, and the executive is selected from the legislature.	The President is directly elected by the people.
2	Members of the executive are also part of the legislature.	The executive works independently of the legislature.
3	The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers are members of Parliament.	The President is not a member of the legislature.
4	The government continues to function as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature.	The President does not need the confidence of the legislature.
5	Example: India	Example: USA

Different Forms of Democratic Government

Country	Executive	Legislature	Judiciary
India	Prime Minister and Council of Ministers	Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)	Independent of Executive and Legislature
USA	President	Congress (Senate and House of Representatives)	Independent of Executive and Legislature
South Korea	President	Single House (National Assembly)	Independent of Executive and Legislature
Australia	Prime Minister and Council of Ministers	Equal power between Senate (Upper House) and House of Representatives (Lower House)	Independent of Executive and Legislature

Evolution of Democracies

• Democracies have developed over time, and their principles have evolved.
• Universal Adult Suffrage took time to become effective:
  • UK – 1928
  • USA – 1965

Historical Milestones in Democracy

Country	Year Democracy was Established
USA	1787
Switzerland	1848
India	1947
Germany	1949
Kenya	1964
Nepal	2008

Federal System in Democracies

1. Some countries like India follow a federal system.
2. States have their own governments, but they are not completely independent.
3. Power is divided by the Constitution to avoid confusion.
4. Example:  Rajasthan or Kerala have their own governments, but they are still governed by a larger national government, the Union Government of India.

In India we have:

1. Central List – Subjects like Railways, Foreign Policy on which only Central government can make law.
2. State List – Subjects like Public Health, Agriculture on which state Government can make law.
3. Concurrent List – subjects on which both Centre and State can make laws

In case of conflict, Central law prevails

What do these terms mean?

Executive

1. The executive is the organ of the government responsible for implementing laws.
2. The process of election of the executive differs in different countries.
3. Examples:
   1. India: Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
4. USA: President
   1. South Korea: President
   1. Australia: Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

Legislature

1. The legislature is the body of the government responsible for making laws.
2. It is known by different names in different countries:
   1. India: Parliament
   1. USA: Congress
3. In most democracies, the legislature usually consists of two houses:
   1. Upper House: The Upper House is formed by election or nomination and is usually less powerful.
   1. Lower House: The Lower House is elected by direct voting and is generally more powerful.

Example: In India:

1. Lower House → Lok Sabha
2. Upper House → Rajya Sabha

Separation of Power

Definition: Separation of Power means that the three organs of government—Legislature, Executive and Judiciary – work independently and do not interfere in each other’s functions.

Q.) What does Separation of Power mean?

A Peek into History

Early Republics

A republic is a form of government in which the head of state is elected and not a hereditary monarch.

Early Republics in Ancient India

• In ancient India, at least two mahājanapadas followed this system.
• In the Vajji (or Vrijji) mahājanapada:
  • The Lichchhavi clan practised collective decision-making.
  • Leaders were chosen based on merit rather than birth.
  • Key positions were filled through elections.
  • Representatives from various clans met regularly to:
    • address issues
    • develop solutions
    • ensure people’s welfare
• Such states are known as early republics.

Voice of the People in India

• The voice of common people has been valued in India through the ages, even under monarchies.
• A notable example comes from the Chola period:
  • The Uttaramerur inscriptions (10th century CE, Tamil Nadu)
  • They provide details about the election of members to the village sabhā (local administrative body).
• The inscriptions describe:
  • Sealed ballot boxes
  • Qualifications and duties of members
  • Conditions for removal, such as corruption
• Members found guilty of corruption were immediately removed.

Republics in Other Parts of the World

• In the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, Rome and Greece had republics.
• In some regions of Greece:
  • Free men could vote
  • Women, workers, and slaves were excluded
• In other regions:
  • Only a small, privileged group could vote or make decisions.

Other Forms of Government

1. Monarchy

Monarchy in Ancient India

1. Mahājanapadas
   1. Indian mahājanapadas were ruled by kings.
   1. Kings were guided by the sabhā or samiti and were expected to take their advice seriously.
   1. As empires expanded across India, kings began to gain immense power.
   1. However, they did not rule alone and often relied on:
      1. Councils of ministers
      1. Advisors and officials
   1. In many cases, kings also sought guidance from learned scholars, especially on matters related to dharma.
2. Vajji (Vriji) mahãjanapada:
   1. The Lichchhavi clan practiced collective decision-making.
   1. Leaders were chosen based on merit rather than birth.
   1. Positions were filled through elections, with representatives from various clans addressing issues for the people’s welfare.
   1.  Such states are considered early republics.
3. Voice of the People in India:Chola period
   1. Throughout history, even under monarchies, the voice of the common people has been valued.
   1. Chola period: The Uttaramerur inscriptions from the 10th century CE in Tamil Nadu reveal the election process for the village sabhă (local administrative body), detailing:
      1. Sealed ballot boxes.
      1. Member qualifications and duties.
      1. Conditions for removal (e.g., corruption).
4. Rājadharma (Duty of the King)
5. Indian rulers were expected to follow rājadharma.
6. Rājadharma meant:

2. Ruling according to dharma Make decisions within moral limits
3. Ensuring the welfare of all people Act for the good of society
4. This was considered an ideal, though not all kings achieved it

Monarchy in Other parts of the world

1. Monarchy in other parts of the world:
   1. Kings held all the power
   1. They made laws, enforced them, and decided punishments
   1. Some monarchs even claimed divine power from God
2. Republics in Other Parts of the World:
   1. In the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, Rome and Greece had republics.
   1. In Greece, free men could vote, but women, workers, and slaves were excluded from voting in some regions. Other areas had varying systems of participation.

2. Monarchies Today

A monarchy is a form of government that is ruled by a monarch. Kings and queens are called monarchs and they exercise sovereign power. Monarchies are usually hereditary, meaning that the position of the ruler is passed on within the family. Typically, the eldest son of the ruling monarch becomes the next king.

Today, monarchies are mainly of two types:

1. Absolute Monarchy

1. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch has complete control over:
   1. making laws
   1. ensuring that laws are followed
   1. adjudicating, that is, judging cases when laws are not followed
2. The monarch holds all powers of the state.
3. The ruler may appoint a council to advise and assist in governance.
4. However, the monarch is not bound by the advice of the council.

Example: Saudi Arabia is an example of an absolute monarchy.

• Here, the king:
  • holds all power
  • governs according to Islamic law
  • may take advice from a council, but final authority rests with the king

2. Constitutional Monarchy

• In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch’s power is largely ceremonial.
• The real power rests with:
  • the Parliament
  • the Prime Minister
• The king or queen is the head of the state, but has only nominal power.
• The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister.

Example: United Kingdom

3. Theocracy

Definition: A theocracy is a form of government in which the country is ruled by religious leaders according to religious laws. Governance is based on the rules and principles of religion.

Example: Iran

1. Iran, officially called the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a unique political system combining elements of:
   1. theocratic governance
   1. democratic governance
2. The constitution of Iran is based on the fundamental principles of Islam, which is the country’s official religion.
3. The Supreme Leader:
   1. Holds ultimate authority over the legislature, executive, and judiciary
   1. Is selected by a group of Islamic clerics
   1. Holds office for life
4. There is also:
   1. An elected President
   1. An elected Parliament
   1. These institutions take care of everyday governance
5. The purpose of the republic is to establish a society based on Islamic norms.

Other Examples of Theocracy

• Afghanistan
• Vatican City

4. Dictatorship

Definition: A dictatorship is a form of government in which one person or a small group holds absolute power. Such rulers are not restrained by laws or a constitution.

Dictatorships often result in:

• extreme control
• oppression of people

Historical Examples of Dictatorship

5. Oligarchy

1. Meaning and Origin
   1. The word oligarchy is of Greek origin.
   1. Oligos means a few and arkhō means to rule or command.
2. Definition
   1. An oligarchy is a form of government in which a small, powerful group makes all the important decisions.
   1. Power is not held by the people but by a few individuals.
   1. These groups control decision-making and governance.
3. Who Holds Power in an Oligarchy
   1. Wealthy families
   1. Aristocratic families
   1. Influential individuals
4. Oligarchy in Ancient Times
   1. In ancient Greece, some regions were ruled by aristocratic families.
   1. These families formed oligarchies, where power was limited to a small elite group.
5. Oligarchy in Modern Times

In modern times, political commentators have observed that:

1. Even some democracies show signs of oligarchy
   1. This happens when a small group of politicians and wealthy businesspeople holds excessive influence over governance.

Q.) Mention the names of non-democratic forms of government. Explain each with examples.

“Why Democracy Matters”

Democracy is one of many forms of government but is widely considered better than others. This is because: –

1. Democracy is the most liberal form of Government where people enjoy maximum levels of citizen rights and representation.
2. In a genuine democracy, people have freedom of speech, belief, expression, and lifestyle-as long as they don’t infringe on others’ rights.
3. Democratic governments are elected by the people and are accountable for safeguarding citizens’ rights and fulfilling their basic needs.
4. People can change their government through elections if it fails to perform.
5. The values of a democratic government are to prioritize the well-being of all.

Issues with Democracy

Even democracies face problems such as:

1. Corruption
2. Inequality
3. Misuse of power
4. Manipulation of media and information
5. Excessive control by a few over democratic institutions
6. Erosion of judicial independence

To defend democracy

1. Citizens must be vigilant and aware
2. People should participate actively in elections and civic duties
3. Democratic values must be protected and strengthened

Q.)  What are the challenges being faced by democracies today? How can we defend democracy from such challenges?

SUMMARY

1. Government plays an important role in running a country. Different types of governments across the world have different answers to the following questions: Who decides“This is the government”? What are the parts of the government and what do they do? Who or what is the government working for? What values and ideals should the government follow?
2. The most popular form of government in the world today is democracy. Democratic governments across the world have variations, including direct democracy and
3. representative democracy.
4. There are two types of representative democracy presidential and parliamentary democracy. India is a parliamentary democracy.
5. Other types of government include monarchy, theocracy, dictatorship and oligarchy.
6. Democracy matters, but there are serious challenges to democracy that citizens need to remain vigilant about.

Q.) Name the different types of Government that exist today. (1 mark)

GLOSSARY

1. Representative: A person who is chosen to act or make decisions on behalf of another person or group of people.
2. Mural: A large painting or artwork created directly on a wall or a ceiling
3. Accountability: Accountability in democracy means that the government is answerable to the people who have elected them.
4. Slave: A person who is forced to work for and obey another and is considered to be their property.
5. Subjugate: To take control of people or a place by using force and make the people
6. obey.
7. Sovereign: Sovereign indicates that the source of power of a country is independent from external influence.
8. Monarchs: Kings or queens who inherit their position from their family, usually passing it from one generation to the next within the royal family.
9. Adjudicating: Judging a case when there is a dispute
10. Caricature: A drawing that makes someone look funny or foolish because some part of the person’s appearance is exaggerated.
11. Political commentators: People who analyse and share their opinions about political events

SCM NOTES

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. In a theocracy, what is the main source of a government’s authority and power?

A. The people of the country
B. Military strength
C. Religious beliefs and the head of a religious institution
D. The king or queen

2. Which of the following is NOT a major aspect that differentiates forms of government?

A. How the government is formed
B. What goals the government is working for
C. The type of sports policies adopted by the government
D. Who gives the government its authority and power

3. What is the primary source of authority in a democratic government like India?

A. The military
B. The people of the country
C. Religious beliefs
D. The king or queen

4. In a monarchy, how is the government typically formed?

A. Through elections by the people
B. By appointment of a religious leader
C. By inheritance within a royal family
D. By a vote in the legislature

5. Which document is commonly used in democracies to define the fundamental rules of government?

A. The Constitution
B. The Royal Decree
C. The Military Code
D. The Economic Policy Framework

6. In India, what are the names of the Lower House and Upper House of the legislature?

A. Congress and Senate
B. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
C. Parliament and Assembly
D. House of Commons and House of Lords

7. Which of the following is a key characteristic of a republic?

A. The head of state is a hereditary monarch
B. The head of state is elected based on merit and not by birth
C. Decisions are made by a single ruler with divine authority
D. Power is concentrated in the hands of a privileged group

8. What distinguishes a constitutional monarchy from an absolute monarchy?

A. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch has complete control over laws
B. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch’s power is nominal and real power lies with elected officials
C. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch is bound by a council’s advice
D. In a constitutional monarchy, there is no legislature or parliament

9. Which of the following is an example of an absolute monarchy?

A. United Kingdom
B. Saudi Arabia
C. Vatican City
D. India

10. Which country combines elements of both theocracy and democracy?

A. United Kingdom
B. Iran
C. North Korea
D. Uganda

11. Which of the following is a characteristic of dictatorship?

A. The leader’s power is limited by a constitution
B. Decisions are made collectively by elected representatives
C. One person or a small group holds absolute power
D. The government is based on religious norms

12. Based on the story of Shane, which type of government does North Korea represent?

A. Democracy
B. Theocracy
C. Dictatorship
D. Oligarchy

13. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a democratic government?

A. People have the right to change their representatives through elections
B. The government is accountable for protecting citizens’ rights
C. Leaders hold absolute power without checks or balances
D. Citizens can freely express their beliefs as long as they do not harm others

14. Which of the following is NOT a role of the government?

A. Maintaining law and order in society
B. Managing relationships with other countries
C. Delivering essential goods and services such as healthcare and education
D. Running all businesses and private companies

15. Which of the following is a judicial function of the government?

A. Creating rules that serve as the framework to run the country
B. Ensuring that the rules are followed
C. Administering the country according to the rules
D. Selecting representatives to govern the people

2 MARK QUESTIONS

Q.1)  How do we say that India is a democratic country? Explain with an example.

Ans)

1. India is a democratic country because the people elect their representatives through elections.
2. For example, citizens vote to elect members of the Lok Sabha, and the government is formed by the representatives chosen by the people.

Q.2) Why do you think the Executive has been made responsible to the Legislature in India?

Ans) The Executive is responsible to the Legislature to prevent misuse of power.
In India, the Council of Ministers must have the confidence of the Lok Sabha, ensuring accountability to the people.

3 MARK QUESTIONS

Q.1)  What are different forms of democracy? Explain any two.

Ans) Different forms of democracy include Direct Democracy and Representative Democracy.

• Direct Democracy: Citizens directly participate in decision-making. Example: Switzerland.
• Representative Democracy: People elect representatives to govern on their behalf. Example: India.

Q.2) What differentiates Parliamentary Democracy from Presidential Democracy?

Ans)

1. In a Parliamentary Democracy, the executive is part of the legislature and works as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature (e.g., India).
2. In a Presidential Democracy, the executive works independently of the legislature and does not require its confidence (e.g., USA).

5 MARK QUESTIONS

Q.1) Why do you think democracy is the most popular form of government?

Ans)

1. Democracy is the most popular form of government because it gives power to the people.
2. Citizens enjoy freedom of speech, equality, and the right to vote.
   The government is accountable to the people and can be changed through elections if it does not perform well.
3. Democracy focuses on the well-being and welfare of all citizens, making it more acceptable and just.

TEXTBOOK Q&A

1. Write the names of the various types of government that you have learnt in the chapter.

Ans) The various types of government learnt in this chapter are:

• Democracy
• Monarchy
• Theocracy
• Dictatorship
• Oligarchy

2. Which type of government does India have? Why is it called that type?

Ans) India has a democratic form of government, specifically a parliamentary democracy. It is called a democracy because the people elect their representatives through elections, and the government is accountable to the people.

3. State any three reasons why it is important for the judiciary to be independent.

Ans) The judiciary must be independent because:

1. It ensures justice and equality before law.
2. It prevents misuse of power by the executive and legislature.
3. It protects the rights and freedoms of citizens without pressure or interference.

4. Do you think democratic government is better than other forms of government? Why?

Ans) Yes, democratic government is better because:

• People have the right to vote and choose their government.
• Citizens enjoy freedom of speech, equality, and basic rights.
• The government is accountable and can be changed through elections if it fails to perform.

5. Match the practice with the correct type of government

S. No	Practice in the country	Correct Type of Government
I	All citizens are treated equally before law	Democracy
II	The government refers to the religious leader for every decision	Theocracy
III	After the queen’s death, her son became the new king	Monarchy
IV	The ruler is not bound by any Constitution and takes all decisions	Dictatorship

6. Find out the type of government in the following countries

S. No	Country	Type of Government
1	Bhutan	Constitutional Monarchy
2	Nepal	Democracy
3	Bangladesh	Democracy
4	South Africa	Democracy
5	Brazil	Democracy

• What are possible hurdles in a democracy in achieving its values and ideals? How can they be overcome?

Ans)

Hurdles faced by democracies:

• Corruption
• Inequality
• Misuse of power
• Manipulation of media and information

Ways to overcome them:

• Citizens should be aware, vigilant, and responsible
• Active participation in elections and civic duties
• Strengthening democratic institutions and laws

8. Democracy is different from monarchy and dictatorship. Explain.

Ans) Democracy differs from monarchy and dictatorship because:

• In democracy, power lies with the people, while in monarchy and dictatorship, power lies with one ruler or family.
• Democratic governments are elected and accountable, whereas rulers in monarchy and dictatorship are not chosen by the people.
• Democracy ensures freedom, equality, and rights, which are often restricted in monarchy and dictatorship.

Thanks a lot for visiting my blog. Please do ‘★ LIKE’ the post if you found it to be useful. Your comments, suggestions, criticism and all opinions are very much appreciated. Please do write your queries in the Reply/comments section and I will try to get back to you asap.

All the content on this blog is copyrighted. It takes immense research, hard work, patience and time to come up with a comprehensive article/post. If you like and need to use any of my article(s) or any part of it, please do give the requisite reference, link or credit to my website/blog . DO NOT COPY WITHOUT PERMISSION.